Mindcode: a Mindustry Logic high-level language

Mindcode is a high-level language that compiles down to Mindustry Logic - mlog. Mindcode includes higher-level constructs, such as expressions, user-defined functions and control statements. Here are some examples to give you an idea how to use Mindcode:

Mindcode Source Code: Mindustry Logic:

// This script computes sum of prime numbers up to the given value
// Press "Compile and Run" to see the results of the computation
//
// An optimized version of the Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to identify and sum the prime numbers.
//
// The code will run on a Mindustry processor too, albeit quite slowly.

// Program parametrization
param MEMORY = bank1;           // Available in emulated environment
param VALUE = 5000;             // Use a value between 0 and 49150

// Number of bits to store in a single memory slot
// Since Mindustry Logic stores the values as double, not all 64 bits can be used.
const MOD = 48;

// We need to declare linked blocks we'll use
// This one is used to output messages onto
linked message1;

begin
    // Need to clear the bank at the beginning
    for var i in 0 ... 512 do MEMORY[i] = 0; end;

var result = sumPrimesUpTo(VALUE);
    print("The sum of all primes between 0 and ");
    printNumber(VALUE);
    print(" is ");
    printNumber(result);
    print(".");
    printflush(message1);
end;

void setBit(bitIndex)
  MEMORY[bitIndex \ MOD] |= (1 << (bitIndex % MOD));
end;

def getBit(bitIndex)
  MEMORY[bitIndex \ MOD] & (1 << (bitIndex % MOD));
end;

def testAndSetMultiples(n, maximum)
    var result;
    if result = !getBit(n \ 2) then
        var max = maximum \ 2;
        for var i = n * n \ 2 ; i <= max ; i += n do
            setBit(i);
        end;
    end;
    result;
end;

def sumPrimesUpTo(maximum)
    if maximum < 3 then return maximum & 2; end;

var sum = 2 + 3;
    var i = 5;
    var sqrtMax = ceil(sqrt(maximum));

while i <= sqrtMax do
        if testAndSetMultiples(i, maximum) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 2;
        if testAndSetMultiples(i, maximum) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 4;
    end;

while i <= maximum do
        if !getBit(i \ 2) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 2;
        if !getBit(i \ 2) then
            if i <= maximum then
                sum += i;
            end;
        end;
        i += 4;
    end;

sum;
end;

// Prints the number using a comma as a thousands separator
// Uses the memory to split the number into individual digits
// It prints the number instead of returning the generated string,
// because Mindustry Logic doesn't support string operations.
void printNumber(n)
    var index = 0;
    var decimal = 0;
    while true do
        MEMORY[index] = n % 10;
        n \= 10;
        index++;
        decimal++;
        if n <= 0 then break; end;
        if decimal % 3 == 0 then
            MEMORY[index++] = 10;     // represents the comma
        end;
    end;

while index-- > 0 do
        print(MEMORY[index] == 10 ? "," : MEMORY[index]);
    end;
end;

107 lines of code

set MEMORY bank1
set VALUE 5000
jump 2 equal message1 null
write 0 MEMORY 0
write 0 MEMORY 1
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write 0 MEMORY 511
jump 518 greaterThanEq VALUE 3
op and *tmp2 VALUE 2
jump 592 always 0 0
set :sumPrimesUpTo:sum 5
set :sumPrimesUpTo:i 5
op sqrt *tmp6 VALUE 0
op ceil :sumPrimesUpTo:sqrtMax *tmp6 0
jump 570 greaterThan 5 :sumPrimesUpTo:sqrtMax
op idiv :getBit:bitIndex :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv *tmp25 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op mod *tmp27 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op shl *tmp28 1 *tmp27
read *tmp26 MEMORY *tmp25
op and :getBit*retval *tmp26 *tmp28
op equal :testAndSetMultiples:result :getBit*retval false
jump 545 equal :testAndSetMultiples:result false
op idiv :testAndSetMultiples:max VALUE 2
op mul *tmp34 :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op idiv :testAndSetMultiples:i *tmp34 2
jump 543 greaterThan :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:max
op idiv *tmp38 :testAndSetMultiples:i 48
op mod *tmp40 :testAndSetMultiples:i 48
op shl *tmp41 1 *tmp40
read *tmp39 MEMORY *tmp38
op or *tmp42 *tmp39 *tmp41
write *tmp42 MEMORY *tmp38
op add :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i
jump 535 lessThanEq :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:max
jump 545 equal :testAndSetMultiples:result false
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv :getBit:bitIndex :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv *tmp25 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op mod *tmp27 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op shl *tmp28 1 *tmp27
read *tmp26 MEMORY *tmp25
op and :getBit*retval *tmp26 *tmp28
op equal :testAndSetMultiples:result :getBit*retval false
jump 568 equal :testAndSetMultiples:result false
op idiv :testAndSetMultiples:max VALUE 2
op mul *tmp34 :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op idiv :testAndSetMultiples:i *tmp34 2
jump 566 greaterThan :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:max
op idiv *tmp38 :testAndSetMultiples:i 48
op mod *tmp40 :testAndSetMultiples:i 48
op shl *tmp41 1 *tmp40
read *tmp39 MEMORY *tmp38
op or *tmp42 *tmp39 *tmp41
write *tmp42 MEMORY *tmp38
op add :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i
jump 558 lessThanEq :testAndSetMultiples:i :testAndSetMultiples:max
jump 568 equal :testAndSetMultiples:result false
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i 4
jump 523 lessThanEq :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:sqrtMax
jump 591 greaterThan :sumPrimesUpTo:i VALUE
op idiv :getBit:bitIndex :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv *tmp25 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op mod *tmp27 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op shl *tmp28 1 *tmp27
read *tmp26 MEMORY *tmp25
op and :getBit*retval *tmp26 *tmp28
jump 579 notEqual :getBit*retval false
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv :getBit:bitIndex :sumPrimesUpTo:i 2
op idiv *tmp25 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op mod *tmp27 :getBit:bitIndex 48
op shl *tmp28 1 *tmp27
read *tmp26 MEMORY *tmp25
op and :getBit*retval *tmp26 *tmp28
jump 589 notEqual :getBit*retval false
jump 589 greaterThan :sumPrimesUpTo:i VALUE
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:sum :sumPrimesUpTo:i
op add :sumPrimesUpTo:i :sumPrimesUpTo:i 4
jump 571 lessThanEq :sumPrimesUpTo:i VALUE
set *tmp2 :sumPrimesUpTo:sum
print "The sum of all primes between 0 and "
set :printNumber:n VALUE
set :printNumber:index 0
set :printNumber:decimal 0
op mod *tmp45 :printNumber:n 10
write *tmp45 MEMORY :printNumber:index
op idiv :printNumber:n :printNumber:n 10
op add :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
op add :printNumber:decimal :printNumber:decimal 1
jump 608 lessThanEq :printNumber:n 0
op mod *tmp50 :printNumber:decimal 3
jump 596 notEqual *tmp50 0
set *tmp53 :printNumber:index
op add :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
write 10 MEMORY *tmp53
jump 596 always 0 0
set *tmp56 :printNumber:index
op sub :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
jump 619 lessThanEq *tmp56 0
read *tmp61 MEMORY :printNumber:index
read *tmp59 MEMORY :printNumber:index
jump 615 notEqual *tmp59 10
set *tmp61 ","
print *tmp61
set *tmp56 :printNumber:index
op sub :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
jump 611 greaterThan *tmp56 0
print " is "
set :printNumber:n *tmp2
set :printNumber:index 0
set :printNumber:decimal 0
op mod *tmp45 :printNumber:n 10
write *tmp45 MEMORY :printNumber:index
op idiv :printNumber:n :printNumber:n 10
op add :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
op add :printNumber:decimal :printNumber:decimal 1
jump 635 lessThanEq :printNumber:n 0
op mod *tmp50 :printNumber:decimal 3
jump 623 notEqual *tmp50 0
set *tmp53 :printNumber:index
op add :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
write 10 MEMORY *tmp53
jump 623 always 0 0
set *tmp56 :printNumber:index
op sub :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
jump 646 lessThanEq *tmp56 0
read *tmp61 MEMORY :printNumber:index
read *tmp59 MEMORY :printNumber:index
jump 642 notEqual *tmp59 10
set *tmp61 ","
print *tmp61
set *tmp56 :printNumber:index
op sub :printNumber:index :printNumber:index 1
jump 638 greaterThan *tmp56 0
print "."
printflush message1

648 lines of code

Bug reports, suggestions and questions are welcome at the project page.

Program output (31,724 steps):

Compiler messages:

177 instructions before optimizations.
20 instructions eliminated by Temp Variables Elimination.
20 instructions eliminated by Dead Code Elimination (5 iterations).
1 instructions eliminated by Jump Normalization (5 iterations).
11 instructions eliminated by Jump Optimization (5 iterations).
12 instructions eliminated by Single Step Elimination (3 passes, 8 iterations).
1 instructions modified by If Expression Optimization (3 iterations).
523 instructions eliminated by Data Flow Optimization (3 passes, 14 iterations).
1 instructions added by Loop Optimization (3 iterations).
5 loops improved by Loop Optimization.
1021 instructions added by Loop Unrolling (8 iterations).
1 loops unrolled by Loop Unrolling.
38 instructions added by Function Inlining (8 iterations).
7 function calls inlined by Function Inlining.
2 instructions eliminated by Jump Straightening (5 iterations).
4 instructions updated by JumpThreading.
648 instructions after optimizations.
Performance: parsed in 15 ms, compiled in 2 ms, optimized in 128 ms, run in 28 ms.

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