Mindcode: a Mindustry Logic high-level language

Mindcode is a high-level language that compiles down to Mindustry Logic - mlog. Mindcode includes higher-level constructs, such as expressions, user-defined functions and control statements. Here are some examples to give you an idea how to use Mindcode:

Mindcode Source Code: Mindustry Logic:

// This script computes sum of prime numbers up to the given value
// Press "Compile and Run" to see the results of the computation
//
// An optimized version of the Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to identify and sum the prime numbers.
//
// The code will run on a Mindustry processor too, albeit quite slowly.

// Program parametrization
param MEMORY = bank1;           // Available in emulated environment
param VALUE = 5000;             // Use a value between 0 and 49150

// Number of bits to store in a single memory slot
// Since Mindustry Logic stores the values as double, not all 64 bits can be used.
const MOD = 48;

// Need to clear the bank at the beginning
for i in 0 ... 512 do MEMORY[i] = 0; end;

result = sumPrimesUpTo(VALUE);
print("The sum of all primes between 0 and ");
printNumber(VALUE);
print(" is ");
printNumber(result);
print(".");
printflush(message1);

def setBit(bitIndex)
  MEMORY[bitIndex \ MOD] |= (1 << (bitIndex % MOD));
end;

def getBit(bitIndex)
  MEMORY[bitIndex \ MOD] & (1 << (bitIndex % MOD));
end;

def testAndSetMultiples(n, maximum)
    if result = !getBit(n \ 2) then
        max = maximum \ 2;
        for i = n * n \ 2 ; i <= max ; i += n do
            setBit(i);
        end;
    end;
    result;
end;

def sumPrimesUpTo(maximum)
    if maximum < 3 then return maximum & 2; end;

sum = 2 + 3;
    i = 5;
    sqrtMax = ceil(sqrt(maximum));

while i <= sqrtMax do
        if testAndSetMultiples(i, maximum) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 2;
        if testAndSetMultiples(i, maximum) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 4;
    end;

while i <= maximum do
        if !getBit(i \ 2) then
            sum += i;
        end;
        i += 2;
        if !getBit(i \ 2) then
            if i <= maximum then
                sum += i;
            end;
        end;
        i += 4;
    end;

sum;
end;

// Prints the number using a comma as a thousands separator
// Uses the memory to split the number into individual digits
// It prints the number instead of returning the generated string,
// because Mindustry Logic doesn't support string operations.
def printNumber(n)
    index = 0;
    decimal = 0;
    while true do
        MEMORY[index] = n % 10;
        n \= 10;
        index += 1;
        decimal += 1;
        if n <= 0 then break; end;
        if decimal % 3 == 0 then
            MEMORY[index] = 10;     // represents the comma
            index += 1;
        end;
    end;

while index > 0 do
        index -= 1;
        print(MEMORY[index] == 10 ? "," : MEMORY[index]);
    end;
end;

102 lines of code

set MEMORY bank1
set VALUE 5000
write 0 MEMORY 0
write 0 MEMORY 1
write 0 MEMORY 2
write 0 MEMORY 3
write 0 MEMORY 4
write 0 MEMORY 5
write 0 MEMORY 6
write 0 MEMORY 7
write 0 MEMORY 8
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write 0 MEMORY 503
write 0 MEMORY 504
write 0 MEMORY 505
write 0 MEMORY 506
write 0 MEMORY 507
write 0 MEMORY 508
write 0 MEMORY 509
write 0 MEMORY 510
write 0 MEMORY 511
jump 517 greaterThanEq VALUE 3
op and __tmp0 VALUE 2
jump 591 always 0 0
set __fn3_sum 5
set __fn3_i 5
op sqrt __tmp4 VALUE 0
op ceil __fn3_sqrtMax __tmp4 0
jump 569 greaterThan 5 __fn3_sqrtMax
op idiv __fn2_bitIndex __fn3_i 2
op idiv __tmp64 __fn2_bitIndex 48
read __tmp63 MEMORY __tmp64
op mod __tmp65 __fn2_bitIndex 48
op shl __tmp66 1 __tmp65
op and __fn2retval __tmp63 __tmp66
op equal __fn1_result __fn2retval false
jump 542 equal __fn1_result false
op idiv __fn1_max VALUE 2
op mul __tmp52 __fn3_i __fn3_i
op idiv __fn1_i __tmp52 2
jump 542 greaterThan __fn1_i __fn1_max
op idiv __tmp57 __fn1_i 48
read __tmp56 MEMORY __tmp57
op mod __tmp58 __fn1_i 48
op shl __tmp59 1 __tmp58
op or __tmp60 __tmp56 __tmp59
write __tmp60 MEMORY __tmp57
op add __fn1_i __fn1_i __fn3_i
jump 534 lessThanEq __fn1_i __fn1_max
jump 544 equal __fn1_result false
op add __fn3_sum __fn3_sum __fn3_i
op add __fn3_i __fn3_i 2
op idiv __fn2_bitIndex __fn3_i 2
op idiv __tmp64 __fn2_bitIndex 48
read __tmp63 MEMORY __tmp64
op mod __tmp65 __fn2_bitIndex 48
op shl __tmp66 1 __tmp65
op and __fn2retval __tmp63 __tmp66
op equal __fn1_result __fn2retval false
jump 565 equal __fn1_result false
op idiv __fn1_max VALUE 2
op mul __tmp52 __fn3_i __fn3_i
op idiv __fn1_i __tmp52 2
jump 565 greaterThan __fn1_i __fn1_max
op idiv __tmp57 __fn1_i 48
read __tmp56 MEMORY __tmp57
op mod __tmp58 __fn1_i 48
op shl __tmp59 1 __tmp58
op or __tmp60 __tmp56 __tmp59
write __tmp60 MEMORY __tmp57
op add __fn1_i __fn1_i __fn3_i
jump 557 lessThanEq __fn1_i __fn1_max
jump 567 equal __fn1_result false
op add __fn3_sum __fn3_sum __fn3_i
op add __fn3_i __fn3_i 4
jump 522 lessThanEq __fn3_i __fn3_sqrtMax
jump 590 greaterThan __fn3_i VALUE
op idiv __fn2_bitIndex __fn3_i 2
op idiv __tmp64 __fn2_bitIndex 48
read __tmp63 MEMORY __tmp64
op mod __tmp65 __fn2_bitIndex 48
op shl __tmp66 1 __tmp65
op and __fn2retval __tmp63 __tmp66
jump 578 notEqual __fn2retval false
op add __fn3_sum __fn3_sum __fn3_i
op add __fn3_i __fn3_i 2
op idiv __fn2_bitIndex __fn3_i 2
op idiv __tmp64 __fn2_bitIndex 48
read __tmp63 MEMORY __tmp64
op mod __tmp65 __fn2_bitIndex 48
op shl __tmp66 1 __tmp65
op and __fn2retval __tmp63 __tmp66
jump 588 notEqual __fn2retval false
jump 588 greaterThan __fn3_i VALUE
op add __fn3_sum __fn3_sum __fn3_i
op add __fn3_i __fn3_i 4
jump 570 lessThanEq __fn3_i VALUE
set __tmp0 __fn3_sum
set result __tmp0
print "The sum of all primes between 0 and "
set __fn0_n VALUE
set __fn0_index 0
set __fn0_decimal 0
op mod __tmp32 __fn0_n 10
write __tmp32 MEMORY __fn0_index
op idiv __fn0_n __fn0_n 10
op add __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
op add __fn0_decimal __fn0_decimal 1
jump 607 lessThanEq __fn0_n 0
op mod __tmp38 __fn0_decimal 3
jump 596 notEqual __tmp38 0
write 10 MEMORY __fn0_index
op add __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
jump 596 always 0 0
jump 615 lessThanEq __fn0_index 0
op sub __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
read __tmp46 MEMORY __fn0_index
read __tmp44 MEMORY __fn0_index
jump 613 notEqual __tmp44 10
set __tmp46 ","
print __tmp46
jump 608 greaterThan __fn0_index 0
print " is "
set __fn0_n __tmp0
set __fn0_index 0
set __fn0_decimal 0
op mod __tmp32 __fn0_n 10
write __tmp32 MEMORY __fn0_index
op idiv __fn0_n __fn0_n 10
op add __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
op add __fn0_decimal __fn0_decimal 1
jump 630 lessThanEq __fn0_n 0
op mod __tmp38 __fn0_decimal 3
jump 619 notEqual __tmp38 0
write 10 MEMORY __fn0_index
op add __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
jump 619 always 0 0
jump 638 lessThanEq __fn0_index 0
op sub __fn0_index __fn0_index 1
read __tmp46 MEMORY __fn0_index
read __tmp44 MEMORY __fn0_index
jump 636 notEqual __tmp44 10
set __tmp46 ","
print __tmp46
jump 631 greaterThan __fn0_index 0
print "."
printflush message1
end
print "Compiled by Mindcode - github.com/cardillan/mindcode"

642 lines of code

Bug reports, suggestions and questions are welcome at the project page.

Program output (31,709 steps):

Compiler messages:

Number of reported ambiguities: 21
184 instructions before optimizations.
24 instructions eliminated by Temp Variables Elimination.
22 instructions eliminated by Dead Code Elimination (4 iterations).
1 instructions eliminated by Jump Normalization (4 iterations).
11 instructions eliminated by Jump Optimization (4 iterations).
11 instructions eliminated by Single Step Elimination (2 passes, 6 iterations).
1 instructions modified by If Expression Optimization (3 iterations).
526 instructions eliminated by Data Flow Optimization (3 passes, 13 iterations).
1 instructions eliminated by Loop Optimization (3 iterations).
5 loops improved by Loop Optimization.
1021 instructions added by Loop Unrolling (7 iterations).
1 loops unrolled by Loop Unrolling.
34 instructions added by Function Inlining (7 iterations).
7 function calls inlined by Function Inlining.
2 instructions eliminated by Jump Straightening (4 iterations).
2 instructions updated by PropagateJumpTargets.
641 instructions after optimizations.
Performance: parsed in 65 ms, compiled in 3 ms, optimized in 163 ms, run in 29 ms.

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